Watercalcs
Estimates only — verify before relying on results. Terms of Use
v2.6
i A guide to getting started

Tell the tool a bit about your bench and the plant you want to copy. There are three things it needs to know:

  • Your jar tester: how many jars, what size, and the paddle dimensions. The tool uses these to work out the right paddle speed for each jar.
  • Water temperature: cold water is thicker than warm water, so the same paddle speed gives different mixing on a winter morning versus a summer afternoon. The tool handles this automatically — just tell it the raw water temperature.
  • What kind of plant you're matching: clarification only, clarification followed by filtration, or direct filtration. This decides whether you'll be sampling clarified water, filtrate, or both later on.

The defaults already in the fields are sensible for a standard Phipps & Bird jar tester with a 25 × 75 mm paddle — only change them if your bench is different. The tool does all the calculations for you in the background.

Quick Start

Try the tool with realistic data, or start from scratch

If you're new to the tool, populate it with a worked example to see how a fully-set test looks. When you're ready to do your own test, clear everything and start fresh.

Test Information

Plant Configuration

What treatment train are you simulating?

Coagulant Dose Unit

How you want to talk about dose throughout the test

Jar Apparatus

mm
Vertical paddle dimension. Phipps & Bird standard: 25 mm.
mm
Horizontal sweep dimension. Standard: 75 mm.
Set in Settings (calibration value). Standard ≈ 0.75.

Water Conditions

°C
°C
Used to flag if the jars warm up during the test.
i How the tool matches your plant

This tab is where you describe the plant — flow rates, tank sizes, paddle speeds, hydraulic loading rates. You just enter what's on the plant's design drawings or what the SCADA tells you it's running at. The tool does the conversion.

Behind the scenes, the tool works out the mixing intensity at each stage — how vigorously the water is being stirred. It then figures out what jar paddle speed gives the same intensity in a 1 L jar. That's what makes the bench test a meaningful copy of the plant.

It does the same thing for the rest of the plant: the clarifier rise rate, the filter rate. All of these get translated into bench-scale settings on the next tabs.

If you don't have plant data — or you're just exploring — you can switch to Generic mode below and set the jar mixing intensity directly using typical values for a conventional plant.

Mode

How are you setting targets?

① Rapid Mix (Coagulation)

② Flocculation

③ Clarification

Hydraulic loading rate is all we need

Clarifier type doesn't matter for the jar test. What matters is the rise rate — the m/h that floc has to settle faster than to be removed. Set it from your plant's design or operating data.

m/h

④ Filtration

Filter rate + media — selects the jar test filter

For a meaningful filter step in the jar test, the tool needs the plant filter rate (to scale the analogy) and the media type (to pick a Whatman / membrane that mimics the bed cut-off). The jar test won't reproduce filter runtime — but it will give you a clean filtrate sample for analysis comparable to your downstream water.

m/h
mm
Used to estimate EBCT (not critical for jar sim).
Tool suggests a Whatman / membrane that approximates your plant filter cut-off.
Essential for low-DOC / UV₂₅₄ work.
mL
200 mL is enough for full filtrate analysis.
i What you'll find here

This is where the plant settings turn into paddle speeds you'll actually use on the bench. The tool reads the mixing intensities you entered for the plant (rapid mix, each floc stage) and works out the RPM your bench paddle needs to spin at to give the same intensity in a 1 L jar.

You don't need to do anything here — just check the numbers look sensible. If you see an RPM higher than your jar tester can do (over about 300), or so low that the paddle won't actually move water (under about 20), the tool will flag it. Usually that means the paddle dimensions on the Setup tab don't quite match your actual bench paddle.

Plant Targets (from Plant Match)

Rapid Mix → Jar RPM

s⁻¹
Defaults to the plant rapid-mix G.
s
30–60 s is standard.

Flocculation Stages → Jar RPM

Summary

Jar Geometry Reference

Jar
Paddle
Viscosity (μ)
i Making your stock solutions

This tab gives you the recipe for each stock solution you'll dose from. There are four of them:

  • Coagulant stock — a diluted version of your plant's neat product, made at a strength that gives you syringe-friendly volumes (a few mL per jar).
  • Polymer stock — 1 g of polymer made up to 1 L with deionised water, aged 30 minutes before use.
  • Acid stock — for lowering pH (typically 0.5 N sulphuric acid).
  • Base stock — for raising pH if you need to (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate).

The tool tells you exactly what to weigh out (or measure with a pipette) and what volume to make up to. Make coagulant and polymer stocks fresh each day — they age and lose strength.

The simple rule: 1 mL of a 1 g/L stock added to a 1 L jar gives 1 mg/L dose. Everything else scales from there.

Coagulant

mg active / mL
5 mg/mL works for most plants. Higher for very low doses; lower for high doses.
% w/v
Auto-filled from product. Override with the supplier's COA value.
g/mL
Liquid coagulants only.
mL
🧪
Make-up recipe:
i Dose unit reference card

Polymer

g/L
1 g/L standard. Higher for very low doses.
mL
1 L volumetric is the bench standard.
🧪
Recipe:

pH Adjustment

mL
mL
Acid:

Base:
i Setting up your dose ladder

This is where you decide what each jar gets. The auto-fill buttons populate a sensible ladder based on what test you're running — vary one thing at a time so the results are interpretable.

Typical sequence:

  1. Coag dose screen first — hold pH constant, vary coag dose across the jars.
  2. pH optimisation next — at the best dose, vary pH around the suspected optimum.
  3. Polymer trial last — at the best (dose, pH), test polymer addition.

About acid and base doses: The tool can estimate how much acid (or base) you need to reach a target pH, using the raw water alkalinity from the Results tab. Click Estimate acid/base to populate the columns. The estimate accounts for the alkalinity that the coagulant itself consumes, but it's a starting point — not a precise prediction. Always measure the actual pH of the first jar and adjust your dosing accordingly. If you don't enter raw alkalinity, the columns stay empty and you'll need to set the volumes manually based on a pre-titration.

Sampling Configuration

Inherited from Plant Match
m/h
Change in Plant Match tab.
mm
Auto-set from sample method; override if your tap is at a different height.

Dose Timing

When chemicals enter the jar

Per-Jar Dose Ladder

Operator Protocol

Generated from everything above — print or save from the Reports tab
i Sizing floc consistently

During the flocculation phase, watch each jar and note the floc size class at each timepoint. The size chart below is your reference card — match what you see in the jar to a class number.

Two things that make the observations reliable:

  • Same person, same lighting, same background. Hold the jar against a white background with even overhead light. Floc looks bigger in shadow and smaller in glare. If you're tracking a plant over time, the same person should do the sizing each session.
  • Look in the bulk of the jar, not at the surface or against the walls. Floc concentrates near the top meniscus and looks bigger there than it really is. Ideally, observe while the paddle is still turning slowly.

Floc behaviour tracks faster than any analytical result, and weak or slow-forming floc is usually the first sign that the chemistry isn't right.

Size Reference Chart

The visual standard for d-class sizing

Edit midpoints in Settings if your bench reference differs. The chart on the right is rendered at on-screen scale — print the true-scale comparator from the Floc Strength tab when you need a bench card.

Per-Jar Floc Observations

Comma-separated. Default 5/10/15/20/30 min.
i Recording your measurements

This is where the analytical numbers go. There are two samples to measure from each jar:

  • The clarified water (what you drew off the top after settling), and
  • The filtrate (what comes through the GF/C paper, simulating the plant filter).

The tool shows whichever columns make sense for your plant — both if you're doing clarification + filtration, just one if you're doing clarification only or direct filtration.

What to measure:

  • Turbidity — always. Clarified turbidity tells you how well the floc settled; filtrate turbidity tells you how well the filter is polishing.
  • Organics — pick one parameter (UV₂₅₄, True Colour, DOC, or SUVA) and measure it on both clarified and filtrate. Turbidity alone isn't enough for a proper assessment.
  • pH and alkalinity — read on the clarified water, before any chlorination.
  • Residual metal — total in the clarified, dissolved in the filtrate.

When picking the optimum jar, don't just go for the lowest number. Check that the dose one step lower is nearly as good (it's cheaper), and that the floc looked robust in your observations. A flat plateau is more reliable than a knife-edge.

Dissolved Organics Parameter

Pick one for the entire test
All four are valid surrogates for natural organic matter. UV₂₅₄ is the most common bench measurement; True Colour is operator-friendly; DOC is the cleanest analytical truth; SUVA combines both.

Raw Water

Organics measurements are optional, but you need at least one for a proper performance assessment. Turbidity alone tells you only about the particle phase — coagulation also drives dissolved organic carbon removal, and your dose optimum is often set by organics, not turbidity. Pick a parameter above and include it in raw water and treated samples.

Per-Jar Results

Removal Performance

Enter results to identify optimum
i Saving and sharing your work

Four ways to get your work off the tool:

  • PDF report — to print and bring to the bench, or send to a colleague. Choose which sections to include below. Use your browser's "Save as PDF" option in the print dialog, and turn off Headers and footers for a clean output.
  • CSV export — for opening in Excel. The doses, observations, results, and floc strength data all come out as tables.
  • Save JSON — a complete snapshot of everything: setup, plant config, doses, observations, results. Use this to re-open the test later, or to send to a colleague using the same tool.
  • Load JSON — restore a previously saved test. This replaces everything currently in the tool, so save your current work first if you want to keep it.

Plant Name

Appears on the report title
Optional. Leaves the report title generic if blank.

PDF Report

Select sections to include

In the browser print dialog: set Destination to Save as PDF, and untick Headers and footers for a clean output.

CSV Export

Save / Load JSON

Complete test snapshot
Includes all settings, doses, observations, results, and floc strength log.
⚠ Loading replaces everything. Save first if you want to keep current.
i Testing how tough your floc is Optional

This is a follow-on test that answers a question the standard jar test can't: how robust is the floc? You make the floc, take a size reading, then shear it hard for a short burst, take another reading, let it reform, and take a third reading.

Two chemistries can give the same clarified turbidity but behave very differently downstream. Weak floc shears in the filter inlet and packs tightly at the surface, giving fast headloss rise and short filter runs. Floc that can't reform after a shock will punch through the bed and cause early turbidity breakthrough. Strong, reformable floc rides through flow swings and dose drift without complaint.

The tool gives you two numbers:

  • Strength Factor (Sf) — how much of the floc survived the shear. Higher is stronger.
  • Recovery Factor (Rf) — how well the broken floc reformed. Higher is more forgiving.

Run this to compare two coag/polymer combinations that look equivalent on clarified turbidity, to verify a polymer actually toughens the floc, or to diagnose filter breakthrough.

① Test Condition

Carry over from main test, or set manually
Pick a jar to inherit its dose / pH.
mg/L
mg/L

② Breakage & Reformation

s⁻¹
s
s⁻¹
min

③ Bench Protocol

④ Record Observations

⑤ Results & Interpretation

Strength Factor (Sf)
Resistance to breakage. Higher = stronger floc.
Recovery Factor (Rf)
Ability to re-aggregate after shear. Higher = more forgiving.

Settings

Default coagulant for new tests

PACl 10% Al₂O₃ medium basicity and Alum 14H₂O equivalent are flagged as Common in NZ.

Coagulant properties

Default SG and % w/v active for each liquid product. Override if your supplier's COA differs. Changes apply globally to new and existing tests.

Default polymer

g/L
1 g/L is the bench standard (1 g in 1 L volumetric).

Bench paddle calibration

Default ≈ 0.75 for typical jar paddles. 1.0 for plant paddles. Calibrate against a known G if you have one.
mm
mm

Phipps & Bird standard: 25 × 75 mm. Per-test paddle dimensions live in Setup.

Floc size comparator scale

Used in Observations and Floc Strength. Edit the midpoints if your bench reference card uses different sizes.

Equipment guide

A practical inventory of the gear you need to actually run a jar test. Brand examples are illustrative — equivalents are fine.

Jar test apparatus

  • Multi-station jar tester (4-jar or 6-jar) with variable speed 0–300 rpm (e.g. Phipps & Bird PB-700/PB-900, Stuart Flocculator SW6, Velp JLT). The bench paddle dimensions must match what's entered in Setup → Jar apparatus.
  • 4 × or 6 × 1 L square gator jars (or 2 L if you have them). Square cross-section matters — round jars create vortices that don't match plant floc-tank hydraulics.
  • Disposable plastic syringes — full set. 1 mL for polymer doses; 5 mL and 10 mL for coagulant, acid and base doses; 20–25 mL for drawing clarified or filtrate samples. Single-use disposables avoid cross-contamination between jars and remove the need for tubing — you can dose and sample directly with the syringe nozzle.
  • Stopwatch or phone timer. Protocol stage times need to be held to ±5 s for meaningful comparison between jars.

Measurement instruments

  • Turbidimeter reading 0–10 NTU at ≥ 0.01 NTU resolution (e.g. Hach 2100Q or TL2310, WTW Turb 430, HF Scientific Micro100). Calibrate with formazin or stabilised standards each test day.
  • pH meter with ±0.01 resolution and ATC (e.g. Hanna HI 5222, Mettler SevenCompact, YSI portable). Calibrate against pH 4.01 and 7.00 buffers (10.01 also if testing high-pH dosing).
  • Spectrophotometer for true colour at 456 nm (e.g. Hach DR1900 or DR3900). True colour is read on a 0.45 µm filtered sample.
  • Spectrophotometer for UV₂₅₄ if tracking organics. Many DR-series units cover both 254 nm and 456 nm. Use 1 cm quartz cuvettes — plastic does not pass UV.

Sample preparation

  • 0.45 µm syringe filters (PES or cellulose acetate, 25 mm). For true colour, UV₂₅₄ filtered, DOC, and dissolved metal analyses. Pair with the 20–25 mL disposable syringes — push the sample straight through into the cuvette.
  • Whatman GF/C glass-fibre filters (47 mm). For the filtrate sampling step that simulates rapid gravity filtration. Pre-rinse with ~250 mL DI before sampling.
  • Filter funnels (~75 mm, polypropylene or glass) to hold the GF/C papers. Mount these directly in the neck of the sample bottle so the filtrate collects there. Gravity flow is fine — no vacuum needed.
  • Sample bottles, 60–125 mL clean HDPE, one per jar.

Chemistry & stock preparation

  • Analytical balance, 0.01 g resolution. For weighing polymer (typically 1 g per stock) and verifying liquid chemical aliquots.
  • Volumetric flasks — Class A glass, 1 L, 500 mL, 100 mL. For preparing coagulant, polymer, acid and base stocks.
  • Calibrated micropipettes or graduated bulb pipettes spanning 100 µL to 10 mL. Variable-volume electronic pipettes are easiest; classical bulb pipettes work fine.
  • Magnetic stirrer and stir bars. For dissolving polymer (slow addition under shear) and homogenising acid/base dilutions.
  • 1 L amber HDPE bottles for stored stocks. Mark with date prepared — coagulant stocks degrade over weeks, polymer over days.

Reagents & consumables

  • Deionised or RO water, 5 L+ per test session. Tap water introduces alkalinity that biases acid/base demand.
  • pH calibration buffers (4.01, 7.00, 10.01).
  • Turbidity calibration standards (formazin or stabilised, traceable).
  • Polymer ageing vessel — any clean 1 L stoppered bottle. Polymer stock must age 30 min before use.
  • Disposable plastic cuvettes for visible measurements; quartz cuvettes for UV₂₅₄.

Safety

  • Lab coat, nitrile gloves, safety glasses. Concentrated coagulant and acid/base demand PPE.
  • Fume hood or well-ventilated area for concentrated acid/base dilutions. Always add concentrated acid to water — never the reverse.
  • Eye wash station accessible within 10 seconds of the bench.
  • SDS access for every chemical on the bench.

About this tool

What this tool is for

It helps you design, run, and report jar tests that actually represent your plant — whether that's clarification, clarification followed by filtration, or direct filtration. Behind the scenes it uses proper mixing physics (not rules of thumb) to translate plant conditions into the right bench paddle speeds, times, and doses. You don't need to do any of the maths — just describe your plant, set up your dose ladder, and follow the protocol.

How it works (the short version)

Every mixing process — your plant's rapid mix, your plant's floc tanks, or a jar on the bench — can be described by a single number: the mixing intensity. The tool works out what that intensity is at each stage of your plant, then figures out what jar paddle speed gives the same intensity in a 1 L jar. It does the same translation for the clarifier (matching rise rate to settle time) and the filter (matching filter rate and media).

What it can do

What it can't do

Tips that make a big difference

References

Version

v2.6.